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Edger, Henry (1820–1888)

John J. Tilley

John J. Tilley

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...Edger, Henry Henry Edger was born on 22 January 1820 in the parish of Fletching, Sussex, England, and he died on 17 April 1888 in Versailles, France. He was raised as a Protestant dissenter, but in his youth he abandoned Christianity...

Claproth, Johann Christian (1715–48)

Marcus Andreas Born

Marcus Andreas Born

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...Johann Christian Claproth was born in Osterode (Harz) on 19 May 1715. From 1732, he studied first philosophy and mathematics then law in Jena. In 1734, he moved to the newly founded University of Göttingen, where he received his doctorate...

Hugo, Gustav (1764–1844)

Frank Dietmeier

Frank Dietmeier

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...Gustav Hugo was born in 1764 in Lörrach, went to school in Mömpelgard (Montbéliard) and Karlsruhe, and in 1782 began studying law in Göttingen. Among his academic teachers here were the public law specialist Johann Stephan Pütter ,...

Avenarius, Richard (1843–96)

Chiara Russo Krauss

Chiara Russo Krauss is with the Department of Human Studies, Università “Federico II” di Napoli, Naples, Italy. Author affiliation details are correct at time of print publication.

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...Richard Avenarius was born on November 19, 1843, in Paris, France, from German parents. During his formation, he traveled through different universities in Germany (Leipzig, Munich, Berlin), Switzerland (Zurich), and Italy (Florence...

Carnap, Rudolf (1891–1970)

André W. Carus

André W. Carus

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...Carnap, Rudolf Rudolf Carnap was born on 18 May 1891 in Ronsdorf, now part of the industrial town of Wuppertal in the Ruhr area of western Germany. His father died when he was a young child. He was taught at home by his mother until he went...

Loisy, Alfred Firmin (1857–1940)

C. J. T. Talar

C. J. T. Talar is with the Graduate School of Theology, University of Saint Thomas, Houston, TX, USA. Author affiliation details are correct at time of print publication.

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...Biography Alfred Loisy was born on February 28, 1857, in Ambrières, northeastern France. A serious illness at an early age left him with a weak constitution, permanently unfit for labor on the family farm. His aptitude for academic study...

Külpe, Oswald (1863–1915)

Chiara Russo Krauss

Chiara Russo Krauss is with the Department of Human Studies, Università “Federico II” di Napoli, Naples, Italy. Author affiliation details are correct at time of print publication.

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...Oswald Külpe was born in Kandava, a little town in the region of Courland (then part of the Russian Empire, now Latvia) on August 3, 1863. Külpe’s family had German origins, so he grew up in a German-speaking environment. In 1881 Külpe went...

Beesly, Edward Spencer (1831–1915)

David Stewart Nash

David Stewart Nash

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...Beesly, Edward Spencer Edward Spencer Beesly was the son of the Revd James Beesly. He was educated at Wadham College, Oxford and was an assistant master at Marlborough College between 1854 and 1859. Subsequently, he became Professor...

Bridges, John Henry (1832–1906)

Stuart Brown

Stuart Brown

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...Bridges, John Henry John Henry Bridges was born in Old Newton, Suffolk on 11 October 1832 and died in Tunbridge Wells on 15 June 1906. He was educated at Rugby and Wadham College, Oxford, graduating BA in 1855. He won a Fellowship to Oriel...

Mach, Ernst (1838–1916)

Klaus Hentschel

Klaus Hentschel is Substitute Chair of the History Department at the University of Stuttgart, Germany. Author affiliation details are correct at time of print publication.

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...The physicist, sense physiologist, and philosopher Ernst Waldfried Josef Wenzel Mach was born on February 18, 1838, in Chirlitz, Moravia (then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, now part of Brno [Brünn] in the Czech Republic), and baptized...