Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Philosophers

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Çelebi, Katib Mustafa ibn ‘Abdullah (1017–67/1609–57)

Biographical Entry

S. Leyla Gürkan

Éloi de Bassée (1590/91–1670)

Biographical Entry

Jacob Schmutz

Ó hUallacháin, Colmán (1922–79)

Biographical Entry

Thomas Duddy

Ülken, Hilmi Ziya (1901–74)

Biographical Entry

Muhsin Akbaş

Ĉapek, Miliĉ (1909–97)

Biographical Entry

David A. Sipfle

‘Abd Al-Jabbar, Qadi (c. 325–415/c. 937–1025)

Biographical Entry

Muammer İskenderoğlu

‘Abdu, Muhammad (1849–1905)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

‘Ali Ibn Abi Talib (d. 40/660)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

‘Assar, Sayyid Muhammad Kazim (1302–96/1884–1975)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

‘Attar (c. 1117–1231)

Biographical Entry

Mehdi Aminrazavi

’s Gravesande, Willem Jacob (1688–1742)

Biographical Entry

Paul Schuurman

A (433)

Aalstius, Joannes (c. 1660–1712)

Biographical Entry

Michiel Wielema

Aaron, Richard Ithamar (1901–87)

Biographical Entry

I. C. Tipton

Abbadie, Jacques (1654–1727)

Biographical Entry

Christiane Frémont

Abbot, Francis Ellingwood (1836–1903)

Biographical Entry

W. Creighton Peden

Abbott, Edith (1876–1957)

Biographical Entry

Katharine Norley

Abbott, Edwin (1838–1926)

Biographical Entry

John Stephens

Abbott, Lyman (1835–1922)

Biographical Entry

Roger Ward

Abbott, Thomas Kingsmill (1829–1913)

Biographical Entry

Thomas Duddy

Abbt, Thomas (1738–66)

Biographical Entry

Alexander Košenina

Abel, Clarke (?1780–1826)

Biographical Entry

Fa-Ti Fan

Abel, Frederick Augustus (1827–1902)

Biographical Entry

Seymour H. Mauskopf

Abel, Jakob Friedrich von (1751–1829)

Biographical Entry

Kevin Harrelson

Abelly, Louis (1603–91)

Biographical Entry

Jacob Schmutz

Abendana, Isaac (d. 1699)

Biographical Entry

Andrew Pyle

Abercrombie, John (1780–1844)

Biographical Entry

Thomas Dixon

Abercrombie, Lascelles (1881–1938)

Biographical Entry

Stephen Watt

Abercromby, David (d. 1702?)

Biographical Entry

Paul Tomassi

Abernethy, John (1680–1740)

Biographical Entry

M.A. Stewart

Abicht, Johann Georg (1672–1740)

Biographical Entry

Natascha Gruber

Abicht, Johann Heinrich (1762–1816)

Biographical Entry

Heiner F. Klemme

Abney, William de Wiveleslie (1843–1920)

Biographical Entry

Pedro Ruiz-Castell

Abra de Raconis, Charles-François d’ (1580–1646)

Biographical Entry

Roger Ariew

Abramovitz, Moses (1912–2000)

Biographical Entry

David Ashbury

Abrams, Meyer Howard (1912–2015)

Biographical Entry

Dean Graham

Abu Hanifa, Numan b. Sabit (80–150/699–767)

Biographical Entry

Muharrem Kılıç

Abu Ja‘Far Al-Ahwal, Muhammad b. al-Nu‘man (d. after 183/799)

Biographical Entry

M. Ali Buyukkara

Accum, Friedrich Christian (1769–1838)

Biographical Entry

N.G. Coley

Achenwall, Gottfried (1719–72)

Biographical Entry

Clemens Schwaiger

Ackley, Hugh Gardner (1915–1998)

Biographical Entry

David Ashbury

Ackrill, John Lloyd (1921–2007)

Biographical Entry

Kathryn L. Plant

Acland, Henry Wentworth Dyke (1815–1900)

Biographical Entry

Terrie M. Romano

Acland, John (c.1729–after 1796)

Biographical Entry

Joanna Innes

Acton, Frances (née Knight) (1793–1881)

Biographical Entry

Susan M. Rensing

Acton, Harold Burrows (1908–74)

Biographical Entry

Jon Pike and Jeremy Shearmur

Acworth, William Mitchell (1850–1925)

Biographical Entry

Marjorie Bloy

Adair, James MaKittrick (1728–1802)

Biographical Entry

Roy Porter

Adam, Adela Marion (née Kensington: 1866–1944)

Biographical Entry

Robert B. Todd

Adam, Alexander (1741–1809)

Biographical Entry

Michael Morris

Adam, James (1860–1907)

Biographical Entry

Patricia Clarke

Adam, Jean (1608–84)

Biographical Entry

Jacob Schmutz

Adama, Lollius (1544–1609)

Biographical Entry

Jacob van Sluis

Adams, Abigail Smith (1744–1818)

Biographical Entry

Rosemarie Zagarri

Adams, Charles Francis (1807–86)

Biographical Entry

Robert Crowden

Adams, Elie Maynard (1919–2003)

Biographical Entry

Warren A. Nord

Adams, Francis (1796–1861)

Biographical Entry

Vivian Nutton

Adams, George Plimpton (1882–1961)

Biographical Entry

David L. Davis

Adams, Hannah (1755–1831)

Biographical Entry

Angela McWilliams Goodson

Adams, Henry Brooks (1838–1918)

Biographical Entry

John C. Orr

Adams, Henry Carter (1851–1921)

Biographical Entry

Ajay K. Mehrotra

Adams, James Luther (1901–94)

Biographical Entry

Kenneth Olliff

Adams, Jasper (1793 – 1841)

Biographical Entry

Christine L. Spencer

Adams, John (1735 – 1826)

Biographical Entry

Brian E. Butler

Adams, John (1735–1826)

Biographical Entry

Richard Alan Ryerson

Adams, John (c.1750–1814)

Biographical Entry

Alice Jacoby

Adams, John Couch (1819–92)

Biographical Entry

Craig Waff

Adams, John Quincy (1767–1848)

Biographical Entry

Gary V. Wood

Adams, Marilyn McCord (1943–2017)

Biographical Entry

John R. Shook

Adams, Robert Merrihew (1937–)

Biographical Entry

Jonathan Pruitt and David Baggett

Adams, Samuel (1722–1803)

Biographical Entry

John K. Alexander

Adams, Thomas Sewell (1873–1933)

Biographical Entry

Ajay K. Mehrotra

Adams, Walter (1922–98)

Biographical Entry

Kenneth Elzinga

Adams, William (1706–89)

Biographical Entry

Robert Burns

Adamson, Robert (1852–1902)

Biographical Entry

Giuseppe Micheli

Adcock, Frank Ezra (1886–1968; Kt 1954)

Biographical Entry

A.J. Graham

Addams, Jane (1860–1935)

Biographical Entry

Julie Harms Cannon

Addison, Alexander (1759–1807)

Biographical Entry

Jeffrey A. Davis

Addison, Joseph (1672–1719)

Biographical Entry

Mark Box

Adelbulner, Michael (1702–79)

Biographical Entry

Violetta Stolz

Adelman, Morris Albert (1917– )

Biographical Entry

David Charles Lewis

Adivar, Abdülhak Adnan (1882–1955)

Biographical Entry

S. Leyla Gürkan

Adler, Felix (1851–1933)

Biographical Entry

Howard B. Radest

Adler, Mortimer Jerome (1902–2001)

Biographical Entry

Jean Van Delinder

Adlington, William (fl. c. 1566)

Biographical Entry

Edward A. Malone

Adorno, Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund (1903–69)

Biographical Entry

Mark P. Worrell

Aemilius, Antonius (1589–1660)

Biographical Entry

Matthijs van Otegem

Aepinus, Franz Albert (1673–1750)

Biographical Entry

Michael Albrecht

Aepinus, Franz Ulrich Theodor (russ. EPINUS, Franc Ivanovič) (1724–1802)

Biographical Entry

Alexei Krouglov

Afdal Al-Din (d. 610/1213)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Afghani, Seyyed Jamaluddin (1838–96)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Agassi, Joseph (1927– )

Biographical Entry

Raphael Sassower

Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe (1807 – 1873)

Biographical Entry

Nathan Houser

Ahlwardt, Peter (1710–91)

Biographical Entry

Riccardo Pozzo

Aiken, Arthur (1773–1854)

Biographical Entry

Julianne Tuttle

Aiken, Henry David (1912–82)

Biographical Entry

Evan Moreno-Davis

Aikin, John (1747–1822)

Biographical Entry

Carson Bergstrom

Ailly, Nicolas d’ (d. 1712)

Biographical Entry

Gilbert Ibgui

Airay, Christopher (1601–70)

Biographical Entry

Andrew Pyle

Airy, George Biddell (1801–92)

Biographical Entry

Allan Chapman

Aitken, John (1839–1919)

Biographical Entry

Robinson M. Yost

Aitken, Robert (1735–1802)

Biographical Entry

Mark G. Spencer

Aiton, William Townsend (1766–1849)

Biographical Entry

Brent Elliott

Akenside, Mark (1721–70)

Biographical Entry

John Valdimir Price

Akerman, John Yonge (1806–73)

Biographical Entry

N.K. Rutter

Akhund Mulla Fath ‘Ali Sultan Abadi (1235 or 1240–1318/1819 or 1824–1901)

Biographical Entry

Ibrahim Kalin

Aki̇f Ersoy, Mehmet (1873–1936)

Biographical Entry

Ibrahim Kalin

Akşemseddin, Mehmed Şemseddin ibn Hamza (792–863/1390–1459)

Biographical Entry

S. Leyla Gürkan

Al-Ahsa’i (c. 837–after 904/1433–after 1499)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Aksarayi̇, Cemeleddin Muhammad (d. 791/1388)

Biographical Entry

Ibrahim Kalin

Al-Amidi, Sayf ad-Din (d. 621/1233)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Amuli, Sayyid Haydar (719–787/1319–1385)

Biographical Entry

Brian Thomas

Alary, François (died c. 1701)

Biographical Entry

Sylvain Matton

Al-Asamm (d. 200–1/816–17)

Biographical Entry

Maha El-Kaisy

Al-Ashkiwari, Aqa Mirza Hashim (d. 1332 or 1333/1914 or 1915)

Biographical Entry

Ibrahim Kalin

Al-Ash‘ari, Abu’l Hasan (260–324/873–935)

Biographical Entry

Muammer İskenderoğlu

Al-Baghdadi, Abu Mansur ‘Abd al-Qahir b. Tahir (d. 429/1037–8)

Biographical Entry

I.H. İnal

Al-Baghdadi, ‘Abd al-Latif (557–629/1162–1231)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Balkhi, Abu al-Qasim (al-Ka‘bi) (d. 319/931)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Balkhi, Abu Zayd (c. 235–322/849–934)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Banjari, Muhammad Arshad (1122–1233/1710–1818)

Biographical Entry

Zaid Ahmad

Al-Banna’, Hasan (1906–49)

Biographical Entry

Patrick S. O’Donnell

Al-Basri, Abu’l Husayn (d. 436/1044)

Biographical Entry

Muammer İskenderoğlu

Albee, Ernest (1865–1927)

Biographical Entry

Brendan Sweetman

Alberti, Michael (1682–1757)

Biographical Entry

Steve Naragon

Al-Biruni, Abu Raihan Muhammad (362–440 or 453/973–1048 or 1061)

Biographical Entry

S. Leyla Gürkan

Al-Bistami, Abu Yazid (161–234/777–848)

Biographical Entry

Rifat Atay

Albright, Arthur (1811–1900)

Biographical Entry

Mark H. Dorfman

Albritton, Rogers Garland (1923–2002)

Biographical Entry

David E. Schrader

Alchian, Armen Albert (1914– )

Biographical Entry

David Ashbury

Alcock, Rachel (1862–1939)

Biographical Entry

Marsha L. Richmond

Alcott, Amos Bronson (1799 – 1888)

Biographical Entry

Scott Bartlett

Al-Dabbagh (d. 696/1296)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Dashtaki, Sadr al-Din (d. 903/1497–8)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Dawwani, Jalal al-Din Muhammad ibn As‘ad (830–908/1426–1502)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Alden, Joseph (1807 – 1885)

Biographical Entry

Charles Comer

Alden, Timothy, Jr. (1771–1839)

Biographical Entry

Jonathan E. Helmreich

Alder, Joshua (1792–1867)

Biographical Entry

Shelley Innes

Aldrich, Henry (1647–1710)

Biographical Entry

Andrew Pyle

Aldrich, Virgil Charles (1903–98)

Biographical Entry

Erica Wagner

Aldwinckle, Russell Foster (1911–92)

Biographical Entry

R. Forsman

Al-E Ahmad, Jalal (1923–69)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Alexander, Archibald (1772–1851)

Biographical Entry

James Moorhead

Alexander, Archibald (1855–1917)

Biographical Entry

John R. Shook

Alexander, Hartley Burr (1873–1939)

Biographical Entry

Richard T. Hull and John R. Shook

Alexander, Peter (1917–2006)

Biographical Entry

Andrew John Pyle

Alexander, Robert Jocelyn (fl. 1877)

Biographical Entry

Gabriele De Anna

Alexander, Sadie Tanner Mossell (1898–1989)

Biographical Entry

Katharine Norley

Alexander, Samuel (1859–1938)

Biographical Entry

John G. Slater

Alexander, William Lindsay (1808–84)

Biographical Entry

Alan P.F. Sell

Alexandre, Noël (1639-1724)

Biographical Entry

Jacob Schmutz

Al-Falimbani, ‘Abdul Samad (c. 1116–1254/c. 1704–1838)

Biographical Entry

Zaid Ahmad

Al-Farabi, Abu Nasr (c. 258–c. 339/c. 871–c. 950)

Biographical Entry

Sevket Yavuz

Al-Farghani, Sa‘id al-Din (seventh/thirteenth century)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Farisi, Kamal al-Din (c. 658–c. 720/1260–c. 1320)

Biographical Entry

Nader El-Bizri

Al-Fatani, Dawud (c. 1183–1263/c. 1770–1847)

Biographical Entry

Zaid Ahmad

Al-Firuzabadi, Muhammad b. Yaqub (729–817/1328–1414)

Biographical Entry

Bilal Gökkır

Al-Fuwati, Hisham ibn ‘Amr (third/ninth century)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid (451–504/1058–1111)

Biographical Entry

Sevket Yavuz

Al-Hallaj, Abu al-Mughith al-Husayn (244–309/857–922)

Biographical Entry

Maha El-Kaisy

Al-Hamadhani, ‘Ayn al-Qudat (492–525/1098–1131)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Harawi, ‘Abdullah Ansari (396–481/1006–89)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Helmy, Burhanuddin (1329–89/1911–69)

Biographical Entry

Zaid Ahmad

Al-Hilli, ‘Allama (648–726/1250–1325)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Hindi, Rahmat Allah (d. 1306/1888)

Biographical Entry

Ibrahim Sumer

Al-Hudhayl, Abu’l Hudhayl al-‘Allaf (c.135–235/c.752–850)

Biographical Entry

Muammar İskenderoğlu

Al-Idrisi (493–c.555/1099–c.1162)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Iji, ‘Adud al-Din (c.700–756/c.1300–55)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Isfahani, Abu Nu‘aym (d. 430/1038)

Biographical Entry

Yusuf Ziya Keskin

Al-Isfahani, al-Raghib (d. 502/1108)

Biographical Entry

Harun Sahin

Alison, Archibald (1757–1839)

Biographical Entry

Martin Kallich

Alison, Francis (1705 – 1779)

Biographical Entry

John Fea

Alison, Francis (1705–79)

Biographical Entry

John W. Clarke

Al-Jahiz (d. 255/868)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Jawaliqi, Hisham b. Salim (d. after 183/799)

Biographical Entry

M. Ali Buyukkara

Al-Jilani, ‘Abd al-Qadir (470–562/1077–1166)

Biographical Entry

Patrick S. O’Donnell

Al-Jili, ‘Abd al-Karim (c. 1366–1408 or 1417)

Biographical Entry

Ibrahim Kalin

Al-Junayd, Abu al-Qasim (215–296 to 298/827–908 to 910)

Biographical Entry

Maha El-Kaisy

Al-Jurjani, ‘Abd al-Qahir (d. 471/1078 or 474/1081)

Biographical Entry

Sevket Yavuz and Oliver Leaman

Al-Kashani, Afdal al-Din (c. 1006–90/1598–1679)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Kayseri, Dawud (658–751/1260–1350)

Biographical Entry

Adnan Aslan

Al-Kharakani, Abu’l-Hasan (d. 425–1033)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Kho’i, Ayatullah al-Uzma Sayyid Abul-Qasim (1317–1413/1899–1992)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Khwarizmi, Abu Ja‘far Muhammad ibn Musa (early third century/c. 780–850)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Kindi, Abu Yusuf Ya‘qub ibn Ishaq (185–252/801–66)

Biographical Entry

Maha El-Kaisy

Al-Kubra, Abu’l Jannab Ahmad ibn ‘Umar Najm al-Din (540–617/1145–1220)

Biographical Entry

Patrick S. O’Donnell

Allaire, Edwin Bonar, Jr. (1930–2013)

Biographical Entry

John R. Shook

Allamand, Jean Nicolas Sébastien (1713–87)

Biographical Entry

Cornelis de Pater

Allan, Donald James (1907–78)

Biographical Entry

Ronald Knox

Allan, Thomas (1777–1833)

Biographical Entry

Julie R. Cribb

Al-Lawkari, Fadl b. Muhammad (d. 517/1123–4)

Biographical Entry

Ibrahim Kalin

Allbutt, Thomas Clifford (1836–1925)

Biographical Entry

W.F. Bynum

Allen, Charles Grant Blairfindie (1848–99)

Biographical Entry

Richard Landon

Allen, Ethan (1738–89)

Biographical Entry

Willard Sterne Randall

Allen, George Cyril (1900–82)

Biographical Entry

Morgen Witzel

Allen, George (fl. 1745–55)

Biographical Entry

John Valdimir Price

Allen, John (1771–1843)

Biographical Entry

Godfrey Vesey

Allen, John (fl. 1740s–70s, d.1780s)

Biographical Entry

Jose R. Torre

Allen, Roy George Douglas (1906–83)

Biographical Entry

Cliff Pratten

Allen, Ruth Alice (1889–1979)

Biographical Entry

David Charles Lewis

Allen, Thomas (1540–1632)

Biographical Entry

Mordechai Feingold

Allen, Thomas William (1862–1950)

Biographical Entry

William Musgrave Calder

Allen, William (1784 – 1868)

Biographical Entry

John R. Shook

Allestree, Richard (1619–81)

Biographical Entry

Martyn P. Thompson

Allinga, Petrus (d. 1692)

Biographical Entry

Willem J. van Asselt

Allinson, Thomas Richard (1858–1918)

Biographical Entry

James Gregory

Alliott, Richard (1804–63)

Biographical Entry

Alan P.F. Sell

Allison, Henry Edward (1937– )

Biographical Entry

John R. Shook

Allix, Peter (1641–1717)

Biographical Entry

Martyn P. Thompson

Allix, Pierre (1641–1717)

Biographical Entry

Hubert Bost

Allman, George James (1812–98)

Biographical Entry

Morgen L. Witzel

Allman, George Johnston (1824–1904)

Biographical Entry

Alan C. Bowen

Allon, Henry (1818–92)

Biographical Entry

Alan P.F. Sell

Allport, Gordon Willard (1897–1967)

Biographical Entry

John R. Shook

Allston, Washington (1779–1843)

Biographical Entry

David Bjelajac

Al-Malati, Abu ’l-Husayn (d. 337/987)

Biographical Entry

Ibrahim Hakki Inal

Al-Maqassari, Muhammad Yusuf (1036–1110/1626–99)

Biographical Entry

Zailan Moris

Al-Marwazi, al-Husayn ibn ‘Ali (d. after 306/918)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Mas‘udi, Abu al-Hasan (c.283–345/896–956)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Mawardi, Abu’l Hasan (364–450/974–1058)

Biographical Entry

Muammer İskenderoğlu

Al-Mawdudi, Sayyid Abul A’la (1903–79)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Mawsili (c. third–fourth centuries/tenth century)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Ma‘Arri, Abu’l ‘Ala’ (363–449/973–1058)

Biographical Entry

Muhsin Akbaş

Al-Mubarrad, Abu’l ‘Abbas (d. c. 286/900)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Mubashshir (fifth/eleventh century)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Muhasibi, Abu ‘Abdillah al-Harith (c. 165–243/c. 781–857)

Biographical Entry

Maha El-Kaisy

Al-Mu’ayyad Fi’l-Din Shirazi (c. 390–470/999–1077)

Biographical Entry

Mehdi Aminrazavi

Al-Nabulusi, ‘Abd al-Ghani (1050–1143/1641–1731)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Nadim, Abu’l Faraj (c. fourth/tenth century)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Najjar, al-Husayn b. Muhammad (d. 220/835)

Biographical Entry

Ibrahim Hakki Inal

Al-Naysaburi, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim (fl. early fifth/eleventh centuries)

Biographical Entry

Arzina R. Lalani

Al-Nazzam (c. 145 to 150–230/c. 760 to 765–845)

Biographical Entry

Maha El-Kaisy

Al-Nisaburi, al-Fadl ibn Shadhan (d. 260/874)

Biographical Entry

M. Ali Buyukkara

Al-Nu‘man, Al-Qadi (d. 363/974)

Biographical Entry

Farhad Daftary

Alphen, Hieronymus van (1746–1803)

Biographical Entry

Jacqueline de Man

Al-Quhistani, Hakim Nizari (645–721/1247–1321)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Qushayri, Abu’l-Qasim ‘Abdulkarim ibn Hawazin (376–465/986–1072)

Biographical Entry

Bilal Kuşpınar

Al-Raniri, Nur al-Din (d. 1068/1658)

Biographical Entry

Zailan Moris

Al-Razi, Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya’ (c. 250–313 or 323/c. 854–925 or 935)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din (543–606/1149–1209)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Rumi, Jalal al-Din (604–72/1207–73)

Biographical Entry

Rifat Atay

Al-Sabzawari, Al-Hajj Mulla Hadi (1212–89/1797–1873)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Sarakhsi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad (400–83/1009–90)

Biographical Entry

Muharrem Kılıç

Al-Shadhili, Abu’l Hasan (c. 583–656/c. 1187–1258)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Shafi‘i, Muhammed ibn Idris (150–204/767–819)

Biographical Entry

Muharrem Kılıç

Al-Shahrastani, Abu’l Fath (c. 479–548/c. 1087–1153)

Biographical Entry

Muammar İskenderoğlu

Al-Sha‘Arani, ‘Abd al-Wahhab ibn Ahmad (c. 898–973/c. 1493–1565)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Shirazi, Qutb al-Din (634–710/1236–1311)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Sijistani, Abu Sulayman (c. 320–91/c. 932–1000)

Biographical Entry

Ibrahim Kalin

Al-Singkili, ‘Abd al-Ra’uf (c.1024–1105/1615–93)

Biographical Entry

Zailan Moris

Al-Sirafi (279 or 289–368/892 or 902–79)

Biographical Entry

Bilal Gökkır

Alston, Edward Richard (1845–81)

Biographical Entry

Ann Datta

Alston, William Payne (1921–2009)

Biographical Entry

Daniel Howard-Snyder

Al-Suhrawardi, Abu Hafs (539–632/1145–1234)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Suhrawardi, Abu’l Najib (c. 490–563/c. 1097–1168)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Suhrawardi, Shihab al-Din (549–87/1154–91)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Sulami, Abu ‘Abd al-Rahman (325–412/937–1021)

Biographical Entry

Patrick S. O’Donnell

Al-Suyuti (849–911/1445–1505)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir (c.224–314/c.839–923)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Taftazani, Sa‘d al-Din (722–93/1322–90)

Biographical Entry

Muammar İskenderoğlu

Al-Tahawi, Abu Ja‘far (239–321/853–933)

Biographical Entry

Muammar İskenderoğlu

Al-Tahtawi, Rifa‘a Rafi‘ (1801–73)

Biographical Entry

Oliver Leaman

Al-Tawhidi, Abu Hayyan (c. 315–414/c. 927–1023)

Biographical Entry

Muhsin Akbaş

Althusius, Johannes (1557? 1563?–1638)

Biographical Entry

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B (881)

Baader, Benedikt Franz Xaver von (1765–1841)

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Robert Nash

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Cornelis de Waal

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Robert G. Parkinson

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David Ashbury

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Baranzano, Jean Antoine, known as Redemptus (1590–1622)

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Marie-Luce Demonet

Barbay, Pierre (d. 1664)

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Jacob Schmutz

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Luigi Lehnus

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Alan Cohen

Barbeyrac, Jean (1674–1744)

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Joris van Eijnatten

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Daniel Dauvois

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Lars Magnusson

Barbour, Ian Graeme (1923–2013)

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Joseph A. Bracken

Barckley, Richard (fl. 1598)

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Jill Kraye

Barclay, John (1582–1621)

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Robert Damien

Barclay, John (or Barclaius: 1582–1621)

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Catherine Connors

Barclay, Robert (1648–90)

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Alan P.F. Sell

Barclay, Thomas (c.1569–1632)

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John Durkan

Barclay, William (c. 1546–1608)

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Johann P. Sommerville

Barclay, William (c.1546–1608)

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Johann P. Sommerville

Barcos, Martin de (1606–78)

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Francesco Paolo Adorno

Bard, John (1716–99)

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Marynita Anderson

Bard, Samuel (1742–1821)

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Marynita Anderson

Bardili, Christoph Gottfried (1761–1808)

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Michael Albrecht

Bardin, Pierre (1590–1637)

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Marie-Luce Demonet

Barff, Frederick Settle (1823–86)

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Mark H. Dorfman

Baring, Alexander (1774–1848)

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Aldo Barba

Baring, Francis (1740–1810)

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Ann Kimber

Barker, Edmund Henry (1788–1839)

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Christopher Stray

Barker, Ernest (1874–1960)

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Julia Stapleton

Barker, William (or Bercher: fl. 1540–74)

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Edward A. Malone and David Ryan

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John R. Shook

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Beauty (1848)

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Gavin Budge

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John R. Shook

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John R. Shook

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Julie O’Neill

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Guy W. Stroh

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Eli A. Braun

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Marina Bykova

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Salim Rashid

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Ian Rodney Stone

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Russell M. Lawson

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Robin L. Bartlett

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Lucy Hartley

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Philip Walsh

Bell, Harold Idris (1879–1967; Kt 1946)

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M.W. Haslam

Bell, Robert (1730 or 1731–84)

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Gregory Bouchard

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David Knight

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Richard Danielson

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Martin Fitzpatrick

Belsham, William (1752–1827)

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John Valdimir Price

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Jonathan D. Sassi

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Irving H. Anellis

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Andrea Falcon

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Jon Pike

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Alan P.F. Sell

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Glenn R. Bucher

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J.J.V.M. de Vet

Benson, Edward Frederick (1867–1940)

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William H. Peck

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John Stephens

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John Stephens

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John Yolton

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Volker Peckhaus

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James E. Crimmins

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Brent Elliott

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John K. Hale

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Louise Zarmati

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Henri Krop

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Shelley Wood Cordulack

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Kathryn L. Plant

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Falk Wunderlich

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Robert C. Fuller

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Brad Prager

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Irving H. Anellis

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David Ashbury

Bergson, Henri (1859–1941)

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Heath Massey

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Reinhard Brandt

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John Yolton

Berkel, Abraham van (1639–86)

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Michiel Wielema

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Bertil Belfrage

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Brent Elliott

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Larry Shiner

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Joshua L. Cherniss

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Helena Sheehan

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S.-J. Savonius

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Dominique Salin

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Jean Lesaulnier

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Marcus Andreas Born

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Rienk Vermij

Bernoulli, Johann (1667–1748)

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J.A. van Maanen

Bernoulli, Johann [I] (1667–1748)

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Rienk Vermij

Bernoulli, Johann [II] (1710–90)

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Rienk Vermij

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Rienk Vermij

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Rienk Vermij

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Peter Lamb

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John R. Shook

Bertalanffy, Karl Ludwig von (1901–72)

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John R. Shook

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Henri Krop

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Han van Ruler

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Dieter Hüning

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Steve Naragon

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Victor L. Nuovo

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Martyn P. Thompson

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John Valdimir Price

Betson, A. (fl. 1751)

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John Valdimir Price

Beurrier, Paul (1610–96)

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Antony McKenna

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Peter J.T. Morris

Bevan, Edwyn Robert (1870–1943)

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Robert Cousland

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Alan Ebenstein

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Rudolf de Smet

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Ian J. Aebel

Bewick, Thomas (1753–1828)

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Peter Davis

Beyerland, Abraham Willemszoon van (1587–1648)

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Clasina G. Manusov-Verhage

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J.H. Thomas

Bickerdike, Charles Frederick (1876–1961)

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Bruce Larson

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Marsha L. Richmond

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Victor L. Nuovo

Biddle, Owen (1774–1806)

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Roger W. Moss

Bidwill, John Carne (1815–53)

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David J. Mabberley

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Dirk van Miert

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Marcus Deufert

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Tim Hochstrasser

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Robert B. Todd

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Sylvie Taussig

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Julie R. Newell

Bilderdijk, Willem (1756–1831)

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Joris van Eijnatten

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Martin Schönfeld

Biliotti, Alfred (1833–1915; Kt 1896)

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David Gill

Binet, Étienne (1569–1639)

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Christiane Frémont

Bingham, William (1752–1804)

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Robert Crowden

Binney, Edward William (1812–81)

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John E. Pollard

Binning, Hugh (1627–53)

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Paul Tomassi

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Andrew Pyle

Bird, Graham H. (1930–)

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Erin E. Flynn

Bird, Isabella Lucy (1831–1904)

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Avril M.C. Maddrell

Birgivi, Takiyuddin Mehmet (928–81/1522–73)

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Ibrahim Kalin

Birkbeck, George (1776–1841)

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Iwan Rhys Morus

Birkhoff, Garrett (1911–96)

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Irving H. Anellis

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Anthony Skelton

Birley, Eric Barff (1906–95)

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Brian Dobson

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Richard Baum

Birt, William Radcliff (1804–81)

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Marvin Bolt

Bishop, Abraham (1763–1844)

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Matthew Schoenbachler

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Richard Baum

Bishop, Robert Hamilton (1777–1855)

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Amanda K. Lusky

Bishr Ibn Al-Mu‘Tamir, Abu Sahl (d. 210/825)

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Maha El-Kaisy

Bithell, Richard (1821–1902)

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Bernard Lightman

Bixby, James Thompson (1843–1921)

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John R. Shook

Bixler, Julius Seelye (1894–1985)

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Jon Taylor

Black, Duncan (1908–91)

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R.D. Collison Black

Black Elk (1863–1950)

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Dorothy Rogers

Black, John Donald (1883–1960)

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Paul Aitken

Black, Joseph (1728–99)

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Peter Alexander

Black, Max (1909–88)

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David E. Schrader

Black, William (d. 1749)

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Thomas Worth

Blackburn, Jemima (née Wedderburn: 1823–1909)

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Rob Fairley

Blackburn, Simon (1944–)

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Max Kölbel

Blackburne, Francis (1705–87)

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Martin Fitzpatrick

Blackham, Harold John (1903–2009)

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Kathryn L. Plant

Blackie, John Stuart (1809–95)

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Morgen Witzel

Blackmore, Richard (d. 1729)

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John Stephens

Blackstone, William Thomas (1931–77)

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Charles Frederick Frantz

Blackwell, Antoinette Louisa Brown (1825–1921)

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Cicily Corbett

Blackwell, Elizabeth (1821–1910)

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Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie

Blackwell, Thomas (1701–57)

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Scott Mandelbrote

Blackwood, Adam (1539–1613)

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John Durkan

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Cornelis de Waal

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Rick Kennedy

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Andrew Fix

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David Berman

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Vanessa Heggie

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D.E. Allen

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Stephen Daniels

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Kathryn L. Plant

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Melinda K. Hayes

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Robert H. Wozniak

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David Knight

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John R. Shook

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Michael H. DeArmey

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Leonard Clapp

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Morgen L. Witzel

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David Ashbury

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John Hedley Brooke

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Julie R. Cribb

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Cornelis de Waal

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W.H. Brock

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Robert Brown

Broughton, John (1674?–1720)

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James G. Buickerood

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Mordechai Feingold

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Colin Archibald Russell

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Philip Barnard

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Richard Baum

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J.E. King

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Robert W. Smith

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Paul Barlow

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Neil Gunson

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Irving H. Anellis

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Paul Aitken

Brown, John (1715–66)

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John Valdimir Price

Brown, John (1763–1842)

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John R. Shook

Brown, John (1810–82)

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Philip de Bary

Brown, John (or Bruno: 1735/6–88)

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Deborah Brunton

Brown, Joseph (1733–85)

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Christopher Bickford

Brown, Robert (1773–1858)

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David J. Mabberley

Brown, Samuel (1817–56)

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David Knight

Brown, Thomas (1778–1820)

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James A. Harris

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Jennifer G. Jesse

Brown, William Laurence (1755–1830)

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John Valdimir Price

Browne, Henry (1853–1941)

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Andrew Smith

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David Berman

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David Berman

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Andrew Cunningham

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James C. Poteet

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John R. Shook

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Stephanie Forward

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Gregory Fernando Pappas

Browning, Robert (1812–89)

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Stephanie Forward

Brownson, Orestes Augustus (1803–1876)

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Gregory S. Butler

Bruce, John (1745–1826)

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M.A. Stewart

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M.A. Stewart

Bruce, William (1757–1841)

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Constance Blackwell

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Michiel Wielema

Brumbaugh, Robert Sherrick (1918–92)

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John R. Shook

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Marijke Spies

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David Ashbury

Brunsema, Melle (c. 1557–c. 1611)

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Arjo Vanderjagt

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Elke Kurz-Milcke

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Helen J. Blackman

Bruyn, Johannes de (1620–75)

Biographical Entry

Andreas Scheib

Bryan, Margaret (fl. 1790s–1810s)

Biographical Entry

Mary R.S. Creese

Bryant, Jacob (1715–1804)

Biographical Entry

John Stephens

Bryant, Sophie (née Willock: 1850–1922)

Biographical Entry

Luke Gibbons

Bryant, William Cullen (1794–1873)

Biographical Entry

Asher Walden

Bryant, William McKendree (1843–1919)

Biographical Entry

Michael H. DeArmey

Bryce, James, the younger (1806–77)

Biographical Entry

William J. Davis

Bryce, James, Viscount Bryce (1838–1922)

Biographical Entry

John Morrow

Brydges, Samuel Egerton (1762–1837)

Biographical Entry

Morgen Witzel

Buchan, Alexander (1829–1907)

Biographical Entry

Amy Ackerberg-Hastings

Buchan John (1875–1940)

Biographical Entry

Michael Morris

Buchanan, David (1779–1848)

Biographical Entry

Donald Rutherford

Buchanan, George (1506–82)

Biographical Entry

Roger A. Mason

Buchanan, James McGill (1919–2013)

Biographical Entry

Peter J. Boettke and Christopher J. Coyne

Buchanan, John Young (1844–1925)

Biographical Entry

Pedro Ruiz-Castell

Buchanan, Joseph (1785–1829)

Biographical Entry

Cornelis de Waal

Buchanan, Joseph Rodes (1814–1899)

Biographical Entry

Judith A. Wiener

Buchanan, Robert (1786–1873)

Biographical Entry

James A. Harris

Buchdahl, Gerd (1914–2001)

Biographical Entry

Nick Jardine

Bucher, Urban Gottfried (1679–1724)

Biographical Entry

Martin Mulsow

Buchius, Paulus (c. 1657–?)

Biographical Entry

Stuart Brown

Buchler, Justus (1914–91)

Biographical Entry

Kathleen A. Wallace

Buck, Friedrich Johann (1722–86)

Biographical Entry

Steve Naragon

Buckham, John Wright (1864–1945)

Biographical Entry

Gary Dorrien

Buckland, Francis Trevelyan (1826–1880)

Biographical Entry

Bernard Lightman

Buckland, Mary (née Morland: 1797–1857)

Biographical Entry

M. Kölbl-Ebert

Buckland, William (1784–1856)

Biographical Entry

Marianne Sommer

Buckle, Henry Thomas (1821–1862)

Biographical Entry

Marjorie Bloy

Buckle, Henry Thomas (1821–62)

Biographical Entry

Theodore M. Porter

Buckler, William (1814–84)

Biographical Entry

Michael A. Salmon

Buckley, Arabella Burton (1840–1929)

Biographical Entry

Barbara T. Gates

Buckley, Theodore William Alois (1825–56)

Biographical Entry

Max Nelson

Buckmaster, John Charles (1819–1908)

Biographical Entry

W.H. Brock

Buckton, George Bowdler (1818–1905)

Biographical Entry

Hugh David Loxdale

Budde, Johann Franz (1667–1729)

Biographical Entry

Vladimir Abaschnik

Bugbee, Henry Greenwood, Jr. (1915–99)

Biographical Entry

Edward F. Mooney

Bugis, Pierre de (1590–1680)

Biographical Entry

Jacob Schmutz

Buhle, Johann Gottlieb Gerhard (1763–1821)

Biographical Entry

Vladimir Abaschnik

Buitendijk, Gosuinus van (fl. 1701–34)

Biographical Entry

Michiel Wielema

Bulfinch, Charles (1763–1844)

Biographical Entry

Thomas E. Conroy

Bulkeley, John (d. 1718)

Biographical Entry

Godfrey Vesey

Buller, Charles (1806–48)

Biographical Entry

Pat Moloney

Bullough, Edward (1880–1934)

Biographical Entry

Diané Collinson

Bulwer Lytton, Edward George Earle (1803–73)

Biographical Entry

Oswyn Murray

Bunbury, Charles James Fox (1809–86).

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John Waller

Bunge, Mario Augusto (1919– )

Biographical Entry

John R. Shook

Bunt, Thomas Gamlen (1794–1872)

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Michael S. Reidy

Bunyan, John (1628–88)

Biographical Entry

N.H. Keeble

Burckhard, Thomas (1686–1744)

Biographical Entry

Steve Naragon

Burdon Sanderson, John Scott (1829–1905)

Biographical Entry

Terrie M. Romano

Burdon, William (1764–1818)

Biographical Entry

John Valdimir Price

Burge, Charles Tyler (1946–)

Biographical Entry

David Boersema

Burgersdijk, Franck Pieterszoon (1590–1635)

Biographical Entry

Henri Krop

Burges, George (1786?–1864)

Biographical Entry

Christopher Collard

Burgess, John William (1844–1931)

Biographical Entry

John R. Shook

Burke, Edmund (1729–97)

Biographical Entry

D.O. Thomas

Burke, Kenneth Duva (1897–1993)

Biographical Entry

Charles Edgley

Burkhäuser, Nikolaus (1733–1809)

Biographical Entry

Falk Wunderlich

Burkitt, Francis Crawford (1864–1935)

Biographical Entry

Thomas Henry Olbricht

Burks, Arthur Walter (1915–2008)

Biographical Entry

Alice Rowe Burks

Burman I, Frans (1628–79)

Biographical Entry

Jacob van Sluis

Burman II, Frans (1671–1719)

Biographical Entry

Jacob van Sluis

Burman Primus or Sr, Pieter (1668–1741)

Biographical Entry

Jacob van Sluis

Burn, Andrew Robert (1902–91)

Biographical Entry

Donald Walter Baronowski

Philosophers A-Z

DOI: 11.5040/philosophers-a-z

# (11)

Çelebi, Katib Mustafa ibn ‘Abdullah (1017–67/1609–57)

Éloi de Bassée (1590/91–1670)

Ó hUallacháin, Colmán (1922–79)

Ülken, Hilmi Ziya (1901–74)

Ĉapek, Miliĉ (1909–97)

‘Abd Al-Jabbar, Qadi (c. 325–415/c. 937–1025)

‘Abdu, Muhammad (1849–1905)

‘Ali Ibn Abi Talib (d. 40/660)

‘Assar, Sayyid Muhammad Kazim (1302–96/1884–1975)

‘Attar (c. 1117–1231)

’s Gravesande, Willem Jacob (1688–1742)

A (433)

Aalstius, Joannes (c. 1660–1712)

Aaron, Richard Ithamar (1901–87)

Abbadie, Jacques (1654–1727)

Abbot, Francis Ellingwood (1836–1903)

Abbott, Edith (1876–1957)

Abbott, Edwin (1838–1926)

Abbott, Lyman (1835–1922)

Abbott, Thomas Kingsmill (1829–1913)

Abbt, Thomas (1738–66)

Abel, Clarke (?1780–1826)

Abel, Frederick Augustus (1827–1902)

Abel, Jakob Friedrich von (1751–1829)

Abelly, Louis (1603–91)

Abendana, Isaac (d. 1699)

Abercrombie, John (1780–1844)

Abercrombie, Lascelles (1881–1938)

Abercromby, David (d. 1702?)

Abernethy, John (1680–1740)

Abicht, Johann Georg (1672–1740)

Abicht, Johann Heinrich (1762–1816)

Abney, William de Wiveleslie (1843–1920)

Abra de Raconis, Charles-François d’ (1580–1646)

Abramovitz, Moses (1912–2000)

Abrams, Meyer Howard (1912–2015)

Abu Hanifa, Numan b. Sabit (80–150/699–767)

Abu Ja‘Far Al-Ahwal, Muhammad b. al-Nu‘man (d. after 183/799)

Accum, Friedrich Christian (1769–1838)

Achenwall, Gottfried (1719–72)

Ackley, Hugh Gardner (1915–1998)

Ackrill, John Lloyd (1921–2007)

Acland, Henry Wentworth Dyke (1815–1900)

Acland, John (c.1729–after 1796)

Acton, Frances (née Knight) (1793–1881)

Acton, Harold Burrows (1908–74)

Acworth, William Mitchell (1850–1925)

Adair, James MaKittrick (1728–1802)

Adam, Adela Marion (née Kensington: 1866–1944)

Adam, Alexander (1741–1809)

Adam, James (1860–1907)

Adam, Jean (1608–84)

Adama, Lollius (1544–1609)

Adams, Abigail Smith (1744–1818)

Adams, Charles Francis (1807–86)

Adams, Elie Maynard (1919–2003)

Adams, Francis (1796–1861)

Adams, George Plimpton (1882–1961)

Adams, Hannah (1755–1831)

Adams, Henry Brooks (1838–1918)

Adams, Henry Carter (1851–1921)

Adams, James Luther (1901–94)

Adams, Jasper (1793 – 1841)

Adams, John (1735 – 1826)

Adams, John (1735–1826)

Adams, John (c.1750–1814)

Adams, John Couch (1819–92)

Adams, John Quincy (1767–1848)

Adams, Marilyn McCord (1943–2017)

Adams, Robert Merrihew (1937–)

Adams, Samuel (1722–1803)

Adams, Thomas Sewell (1873–1933)

Adams, Walter (1922–98)

Adams, William (1706–89)

Adamson, Robert (1852–1902)

Adcock, Frank Ezra (1886–1968; Kt 1954)

Addams, Jane (1860–1935)